Spontaneous Mutations for Life-history Characters in an Obligate Parthenogen.

By allowing mutations to accumulate spontaneously in different lines derived from a single female of an obligately parthenogenetic Daphnia, it has become possible to estimate the rate at which new genetic variance for life-history characters arises as well as to identify the average pleiotropic effects of mutant polygenes. The estimated polygenic mutation rates are quite compatible with those available for sexual organisms. The results are therefore in conflict with the hypothesis that parthenogens compensate for the loss of recombination by elevating the mutation rate. Based on these results, it is argued that the rate of phenotypic evolution may be enhanced as much as five-fold by sexuality. However, if dominance or epistatic gene interactions are of major importance, or if the sensitivity to environmental effects is reduced or the rate of polygenic mutation enhanced under asexuality, the full advantage of sex will not be attained and may even be reversed. Regardless of these conditions, it is clear that the mutational rate of production of polygenic variation is sufficient to allow significant rates of phenotypic evolution in purely asexual organisms.